Should Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without...

Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? KaTrina Bacon English 215 February 2, 2012 Dr.Sharonda Johnson Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? Of all the many controversies that have affected the United States in the past decades, birth control has been one of the more important topics. Some popular birth control methods are the female and male condoms, and the birth control pill. Even though both of these help protect against pregnancy and the female and the male condoms help protect against HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This raises the question, should teenagers be allowed to receive birth control methods without their†¦show more content†¦My religion which is Christianity, instructs us to wait until they are married to have begun to have sex. But not only in churches is abstinence being preached, but public schools is adding this to their curriculum, and teaching the teenagers about the greatness of keeping their virginity. Teenagers having sex before marriage is a growing issue among teenagers. Sex before marriage is the cause of teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and emot ional distress. Sexually transmitted diseases show in a society of teenagers that are having premarital sex, because teenagers have so many different sex partners. Therefore, a result to teenagers having sex is the different disease which is becoming more common in the teenage population. Because, for this is that the teenagers don not know how to use the different birth control methods. Many teenagers believe that the pill or condoms stop the spread of AIDs, other diseases, and herpes so, the contraceptives do not prevent these diseases from spreading. Three million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers are reported each year. (www.helpme.com) There are so many teens that feel that there is nothing wrong in having sex before marriage, but having sexual relations with numerous people from age 15 and 19 doubles the diseases that have been spreading to different people every time. Because teenagers are having

Sympathy Sympathy And Mutual Identification - 1435 Words

Sympathy or mutual identification in Iliad Sympathy and mutual identification, serving important psychological roles in Illiad, function differently in regarding heroes and immortals. The words â€Å"sympathy† itself means to feel sorry or grief for others, which is a mutual psychological process. It can be either one-sided or both-sided. â€Å"Mutual identification† means people find something about themselves from others, which is a higher stage of sympathy. For this mutual process to happen, people need to appreciate others. Sometimes, however, this emotion amounts to a contrivance of plots to serve a purpose. Overall in the Illiad, if one feels real sympathy with or identifies themselves with others, he/she exhibits his/her kindness as a portrayal of human psychology. As for those gods, their sympathy, as we call that, is different from that of humans’. Since they are immortal, the deaths of people including heroes are normal to them. Therefore, their sympat hy is represented in a different form. In Book 22, Zeus and Athena showed their sympathy towards Hector when Hector was coursing by Achilles around the city. Feeling grief for Hector, Athena encouraged Hector to face Achilles. Athena knew that Hector had no chance to win against Achilles such that only death can relieve Hector’s pain. Because gods have the right to determine the lives of mortals, they show their sympathy for a deeper good. Athena can’t save Hector such that she wanted Hector to die in an honorable way. InShow MoreRelatedAdam Smiths Wealth of Nations Essay3033 Words   |  13 Pageson Smith, the book that traces the lineage and attends the consequences of this combination and recusal is Charles Griswolds recent elegant extensive study. He grasps, almost uniquely, the intertwined connections linking the market, speech, and sympathy: quot;Life in a market society is an ongoing exercise in rhetoric.quot;6 Notwithstanding the compelling force of his interp retation, Griswold stops short of developing this important insight. What we believe to be missing is an effort to conjoinRead MoreMulticulturalism And Polyculturalism From The Novel I Hotel Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesTei Yamashita. For the examples I choose I am going to explain why and how these are examples of multiculturalism or polyculturalism. Also, I am goint to explain how the novel presents a new form of identification and how the examples of polyculturalism are related to such a new form of identification. I Hotel: A Novel, consists of ten novellas. Each novella introduces interesting stories of various social and ethnic movements, comprised of diverse participants, such as Asian Americans, African AmericansRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesracial tension. Alexie offers occasional glimpse of friendship/understanding sympathy and love. These instances tend to re-emphasize the hope for mutual understa nding and attachment (Coulombe, 109). The bored narrator amuses himself by silently provoking a convenience store clerk working the grave yard shift. In spite of his antagonistic attitudes toward the clerk, the narrator admits his sympathy for and identification with him saying â€Å"there was something about him I liked even if it was 3 in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Nineteen Eighty Four And V For Vendetta By George Orwell1978 Words   |  8 Pagestotalitarian regime, both texts explore the emotions and life experiences of a main protagonist, consequently personalising the struggle of living in a populace placed under a totalitarian society. Orwell creates feelings of both admiration and sympathy in the reader towards Winston, who has no apparent friends and possesses only limited moments of privacy when he is ‘outside the range of the telescreen, so far as sight went’ during which he begins writing a diary, an offence that would be consideredRead MoreCivil Rights Durin g The 20th Century989 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica movement (often affectionately known as Black Zionism) and Zionism. Published in 1949 Rose’s, The Negro Morale: Group Identification and Protest, explains the development of Black group identification from slavery up to Garvey’s movement, noting Blacks and Jews shared common experiences of oppression as minorities leading to the necessity for â€Å"group identification and â€Å"group morale.† According to Rose, after Emancipation, Black consciousness developed as a psychological defense to racismRead MoreAnalysis Of The One Thousand And One Nights 1592 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Discord, published by the American Sociology Association says, â€Å"like all basic cravings, sex becomes overlaid by mutual identification and sympathy, as in the release of physiology tensions† ( page 252). This means she understands how the physiology of a man works and she knows he will be more inclined to grant her audience right after their consummation due to sympathy for her imminent death or for the love of a sister. Shahrazad, in c ontrast to the king, did not fail to recognize his strengthRead MoreMulticulturalism And Polyculturalism From The Novel I Hotel Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesFor the examples I present in this essay I am going to explain why and how these are examples of multiculturalism or polyculturalism. Also, I am going to explain how the novel presents a new form of identification and how the examples of polyculturalism are related to such a new form of identification. Let start with a little of background of I Hotel: A Novel, according to professor Noh this Novel consists of ten novellas. Each novella introduces interesting stories of various social and ethnic movementsRead MoreA New Cold Word Order1443 Words   |  6 Pagesbody- scarcely has played or take concrete actions to stop the human lives loosing by asking a question on why has it not acted with determination in developing a program of joint actions? â€Å"One primary reason is that the trust created by hard work and mutual effort in ending the Cold War has collapsed and without such a trust the international relations in today’s globalized world are inconceivable†. (Gorbachev) As the last leader of Soviet Union Gorbachev gives us his point of view of what the end ofRead MoreFresh Off The Boat : A Soy Sorry Joke?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesbiggest tool of circuit of culture, and yet there are very few representations of minorities in media. Fresh Off the Boat is a cultural artifact for Asian Americans. â€Å"Artifacts are charged with meaning, but many of those meanings speak for our identification with groups† (Brummett p.55). The show represents what the group is like as a whole. This is problematic as the show represents Asian Americans as chinkified, â€Å"ching-chong† caricatures. The methods used for methodological perspective are the nodalRead MoreIn this essay, the importance of two skills - rapport building and empathy, to effective1600 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication allows the therapist to be more accurate in diagnosing and devising treatment plans and the client to experience greater patient satisfaction and better health outcomes in the long term. Empathy Empathy refers to the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts and attitudes of others (Hojat, 2011). Simply put, empathy involves putting oneself into other’s shoes to understand things from the other’s perspective. When discussing empathy in relation

Nature of Tragedy Free Essays

For many centuries the tragedy holds to continue to be perceived as the most ardently gratifying arrangement of drama because it encompasses the capability of transporting the spectator into the drama as well as allowing them to empathize with the characters, particularly the tragic hero. The study noted above regarding tragedy was shaped by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Aristotle also noted that the tragic flaw is imperative in the characteristic of the protagonist and the proceedings that transpire in the piece are a manifestation of that flaw (â€Å"The Poetics by Aristotle: XIII. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Tragedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). This philosophy of the tragic hero can be located in both Charles Van Doren in Quiz Show and Shakespeare’s character, Othello, in his play Othello. It is the characters’ prominence and faults as well as their ability to acquire their audiences pity in which label them tragic heroes. Charles Van Doren in Robert Redford’s Quiz Show possesses an existence in which numerous souls would envy. His affiliation with being one of the country’s highly knowledgeable and esteemed families (his father labeled an eminent professor at Columbia University as well as a Pulitzer-prize awarded poet, his uncle defined as a renowned historian, and his mother being a recognized author possessing multiple acknowledged works of literature) is the first step to his being a tragic hero. Charles attempts to shadow his father’s achievements as he labors as a mentor at Columbia training to conquest for his father when he retires. Alas, Van Doren believes that he falls short in character in comparison to his family in terms of success. At this moment in time, he judges that he should have achieved a sufficient amount to the extent that people would not seek to refer to him as â€Å"the son† but rather refer to him by his own identity. Van Doren evidently does not recognize how privileged his existence is in contrast to the majority of America’s citizens; that he remains far more triumphant than any of them could ever achieve. It is this self-doubt and catastrophic fault that will eventually direct him to his expiration as an icon throughout the progression of the film. When the ability to become a possible contender on Twenty-One displays itself, Van Doren observes it as a chance for him to finally receive recognition in his family; this opportunity puts him into a situation where he is forced to evaluate his ethics. Enright and Freedman shatter Van Doren’s moral standards by stating that they should place him in the show and provide him with the questions that he previously knows. Van Doren mechanically recognizes that this suggestion is immoral: that it is ultimately dishonourable. A significant defining moment of the film is when Van Doren encounters a crisis; whether to state the answer to a question he was arranged to be asked or to answer the question inaccurately and preserve his veracity. Though Van Doren clearly faces a struggle within himself, he ultimately chooses the recognition and fortune that will derive from his victory on the show. The awareness he acquires from his presence on the Today Show causes it to become effortless for him to validate his verdict. The fall of Van Doren becomes apparent when Congressional investigator, Dick Goodwin, comes to New York City to investigate the quiz show after reading a piece about how Stempel attempted to acquire a trial regarding the cheating taking place on the show. After much investigation, Van Doren’s fraud is discovered causing his divine facade to perish along with the name he has created for himself. The enthralled audiences around the country, once desiring to be a part of the marvel Twenty One deceitfully was, now see Van Doren’s infamy and view him as nothing but a deceitful human being. His name, as well as his honour, is demolished because of his disillusionments and his desire to create an identity for himself. Aristotle’s analysis of what makes a tragic hero is greatly demonstrated in Charles Van Doren’s story represented in Quiz Show because he was of such a high rank in society and it was his tragic flaw of insecurity and lust for fame that initiated his downfall. Othello can be qualified to be one of Shakespeare’s supreme tragedies because it shadows the procedures established by Aristotle’s Poetics. Othello’s prestige (that of a dark, tall, African Moor), joined with his particular charisma, aids him in achieving the admiration and loyalty of the Venetian people and senators. Othello, subsisting as a soldier for a large interval of his life, is viewed as an exceptionally honourable gentleman. His status as a governor-general itself displays an aura of aristocracy, poise, and potency. The identity portrays someone who is sustained in tremendously high reverence by the people of Venice. In addition to him exhibiting pronounced characteristics and courage, Othello also exhibits pride. He retains his composure during the initial confrontation with the senators when he is accused of witchcraft when Desdemona’s father faces Othello about his courting his daughter: â€Å"Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors,/ My very noble and approved good masters,/ That I have ta’en away this old man’s daughter,/ It is most true. True, I have married her. / The very head and front of my offending/ Hath this extent, no more,† ( I. iii. 76-81). Though Iago is the venomous serpent of the play, it is Othello’s tragic faults of gullibility and jealously that convert him from an aristocrat into a venomous creature himself, which inescapably carriages him to his demise. Although Iago fuels the fire that is Othello’s jealously through his tactics of manipulation, Othello’s unfeasible train of thought must be analyzed to substantiate Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. This defect ultimately directs him to his disgrace; the murder of his devoted wife, Desdemona, and himself. Before Othello kills himself, he acknowledges his fault in murdering his beloved wife: â€Å"†¦besides that in Aleppo once,/ Where a malignant and a turbaned Turk/ Beat a Venetian and traduced the state,/ I took by the throat the circumcised dog,/ And smote him, thus,† (V. ii. 352-56). his also entails of his assassination of the monstrosity that he was bred to be. Othello’s monologue proclaims that it is not the real Othello who is dying, but rather the â€Å"turbanned Turk† in which he was spawned. As the play unravels the viewer’s resonant benevolence towards the tragic hero, as well as distress for their own lives, as the final scene the incidents leaves its mark on the stage just as Aristotle predicted. Defined, a tragedy illustrates a tale that features the collapse of a protagonist. Customarily, the protagonist demonstrates upper class attributes or derives form an upper class institute and is encountered with an antagonizing episode, whether it is external or internal, which thus causes the protagonist’s downfall. This fall, according to Aristotle, â€Å"should come about as the result, not of vice, but of some great error or frailty in a character. † A plot such as this is liable to breed empathy and apprehension into the audience, for â€Å"pity is aroused by unmerited misfortune, fear by the misfortune of a man like ourselves,† (â€Å"The Poetics by Aristotle: XIII†). This notion exemplifies an aspect of tragedy in which several productions are centered, including Robert Redford’s film Quiz Show based on the fall of Charles Van Doren and Shakespeare’s Othello. It is Charles’s lust for fame to seek his father’s approval in which triggers his downfall, and it is Othello’s gullibility and jealousy in which initiates his. Allied with the characters’ individual incentives, the cause-and-effect sequence of proceedings is crafted, generating pity and anxiety in the audience. How to cite Nature of Tragedy, Papers

BIO 441 IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Essay Example For Students

BIO 441 IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Essay BIO 546 IMMUNOLOGYThursday, March 11, 2004 ONLINE TESTEach multiple choice question has one answer unless indicated otherwise atthe end of the question1. If a fully mature autoreactive B-lymphocyte leaves the bone marrow andis not anergic, what will happen if that B-cell forms high affinity bondswith the self-antigen for which it is specific? (one answer)A. it will then become anergic, rendering it unable to respondB. it will die (by apoptosis)C. it will respondD. it will cease to express B7 molecules2. Initiation of B-cell development eventually stimulates initiation ofgene fragment somatic recombination for heavy and light chains. Theserecombination events occur within the nucleus and are started when whichone of the following is activated?A. recombinant activation genes (RAG)B. Ig-alpha and Ig-beta trans nuclear membrane tailsC. apoptosis-inducing nucleoside sequencesD. B73. Elimination of autoreactive T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (negativeselection) occurs when which one of the follow ing conditions is met?A. high affinity bonds form between the T-cell antigen receptor and anantigen presented by an MHC Class IIB. at the same time that the T-cell becomes restricted with regard to theMHC Class I molecules that can successfully present peptides to theautoreactive T-cellC. high affinity covalent bonds form between the T-cell antigen receptorand an antigen presented by a MHC Class ID. high affinity non-covalent bonds form between the T-cell antigenreceptor and an antigen presented by a MHC Class I4. Which one of the following types of cells is encountered first as a stemcell begins to move through the thymus during its development into a fullyfunctional T-cytotoxic cell?A. cortical epithelial cellsB. double-positive dendritic cellsC. macrophages presenting very large numbers of peptides using MHC Class IID. stromal cells expressing Kit and SCF, and also secreting IL-75. The original source of the dendritic cells and macrophages that arefound in the medulla of the thym us is which one of the following?A. the cortex of the thymus (the cells simply move inward to the medullaand prepare to participate in negative selection)B. the bone marrow (same area from which the stem cells originate that willeventually become T-cells)C. they are permanent residents of the thymus medulla (i.e., are bornthere) and remain in the medulla to participate in positive selectionD. the spleen (which is often an ignored organ when the immune system isstudied in detail)6. The cell that is most directly responsible for initiating B-celldevelopment and several of the early steps in that development is which oneof the following?A. dendritic cellB. epithelial cell (in the cortex)C. endothelial cell expressing high levels of VCAM-1D. stromal cell7. There is a series of cell-cell interactions during B-cell developmentthat involve surface molecules of both the B-cell and the cell thatinitiates the development process. Which one of the following is an exampleof one of those surface -surface interactions?A. IL-7 and IL-7 receptorB. Kit and SCFC. MHC Class I and CD8D. heavy chain and surrogate light chain8. MHC restriction refers to a process that takes place during T-celldevelopment that ensures a proper fit between which TWO of the following?(select TWO answers that are correct)A. MHCB. the T-cell antigen receptorC. CDD. CD289. The appearance of which one of the following on the surface of adeveloping B-lymphocyte indicates that a heavy chain has been successfullyproduced, but creation of a light chain has not begun?A. functional antigen receptors of the IgM isotype (monomeric form)B. a non-functional receptor-like molecule (2 heavy chains and 2 surrogatelight chains)C. a non-functional receptor-like molecule (1 beta chain and 1 surrogatealpha chain)D. a non-functional receptor-like molecule with 2 complete, functional Fabportions10. Good cell adhesion is very important to cells that are interacting witheach other. Often the interactions between two surface mo lecules on twointeracting cells will alter other sets of interacting molecules and affectthe overall adhesion of the two cells. For example, when a T-cell receptorforms high affinity bonds with a peptide presented by an MHC and the CDmolecule also forms bonds with the same MHC, nearby LFA-1 and ICAM-1molecules are affected in which one of the following ways?A. these two surface molecules form even stronger bondsB. the LFA-1 disappears, and is replaced by a much higher affinity IL-7receptorC. these two surface molecules dissociate, and the contact between the twocells ceases (as the cells have completed all of the necessary steps thatoccur during the adhesion phase)D. if the T-cell has .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .postImageUrl , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:visited , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:active { border:0!important; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:active , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Slight Misunderstanding Essay

ACT Scores

Guaranteed Scholarships Based on SAT/ACT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Maybe you’ve taken the SAT or ACT and got a really good score, but you aren't sure how to get the most money out of it. Or maybe you haven’t taken the SAT or ACT yet but are wondering how important the tests really are. One way you can make the most of your score is by finding guaranteed SAT scholarships or guaranteed ACT scholarships. In this post, we'll show you some of the scholarships for high SAT scores and scholarships for high ACT scores that you can get. You can earn thousands of dollars in scholarships based just on your test scores. Curious to see how? We'll show you where you can get scholarships based on ACT scores and scholarships based on SAT scores. Scholarships for ACT Scores and Scholarships for SAT Scores This post focuses on scholarships offered by colleges and universities themselves. Why? Many private scholarships, while lucrative, feature full, college-admission-like applications, including letters of recommendation and essays. Lots of other smaller scholarships are based on essays, personal circumstances, or even your parent's employer. While we are not discouraging you from applying to these, this post will focus on scholarships any student can earn automatically from universities just based on their test scores and GPA or class rank. We will highlight some of the most searched-for universities and best opportunities, but this is not a comprehensive list. We will also show you how to look up this information for any college you’re interested in. Automatic Scholarships for National Merit Before we get into the scholarship list, we'll also highlight another source of money based mainly on test scores: National Merit. As we have covered in past posts, the National Merit competition recognizes the top PSAT (Practice SAT) scorers in each state. While there is a $2,500 scholarship you can earn through the competition itself, you can also get big scholarships from colleges by listing them as your first choice through National Merit. You can get anything from a small scholarship to a full ride, depending on the school. As a rough rule of thumb, public universities are more likely to give more money for National Merit, though there are exceptions. For example, you can get a full ride scholarship at the University of Idaho and the University of Oklahoma. At Loyola University, a private college, you can get $2,000 for being a National Merit finalist.However, at Baylor, another private college, you can get more than $40,000, if you're a National Merit Finalist and select Baylor as your first-choice college. The exact amount is based on your other test scores: SAT Score ACT Score Amount per year 1520+ 34+ $43,610 1450-1510 32-33 $42,610 1330-1390 30-31 $41,610 You can read more about this opportunity at Baylor's website. But this is just the tip of the iceberg of National Merit scholarships. To learn more aboutsponsoring universities,read here. Automatic Scholarships Based on SAT/ACT Scores Now we will highlight colleges that give automatic scholarships based on SAT/ACT scores, as well as qualifiers like GPA or class rank. For these scholarships, you don’t have to submit any extra application information, but in some cases, you have to apply by a certain deadline to be guaranteed the scholarship. Be sure to check out each college's website, which we will link to, for full info. As a shortcut, here are the schools we're going to detail: Baylor University Clemson University Colorado State University Florida AM Florida Gulf Coast University Georgia State Louisiana State University Texas Tech University of Arizona University of Mississippi University of Missouri University of Nevada at Las Vegas University of Oregon University of Tennessee University of Texas at Arlington Utah State University Baylor University In addition to the National Merit award highlighted above, Baylor University also offers scholarships based on SAT/ACT score and class rank. Scholarship Amount Awarded per Year President’s Gold Scholarship $19,000-22,000 Provost’s Gold Scholarship $16,000-18,000 Dean’s Gold Scholarship $13,000-15,000 Founder's Gold Scholarship $7,000-12,000 Baylor does not have set cut-offs for these award tiers but bases the awards on SAT/ACT score and class rank. They do have a scholarship estimator you can use to predict your award amount. As an example, based on the estimator, a 36 ACT with a high class rank (5/500) gets you a President’s Gold scholarship of $22,000/year. A 34 with the same rank also gets you $22,000, a 32 gets you $20,000, and a 28 gets you $16,000. While these are all high amounts, note that increasing your ACT from 28 to 32 gets you $4,000 more dollars each year- $16,000 over your whole college career. Or, to take another example, if your class rank is 250/500 and you have a 24 ACT, you don’t qualify for a scholarship. But if you have that same rank but a 27 ACT, you can get a Founder’s Gold Scholarship of $10,000 per year. In other words, a 3-point ACT increase, which is definitely possible with some smart studying, can earn you $40,000. That’s amazing! Check out Baylor’s scholarship page for more information and to try the scholarship estimator for yourself. Clemson University Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Trustee Scholarship (for in-state residents) SAT: 1270 ACT: 27 Top 10% $1000 Trustee Scholarship (for out-of-state residents) SAT: 1360 ACT: 29 Top 10% $7500 At Clemson, South Carolina residents will receive the Trustee Scholarship of $1,000 if they are ranked in the top 10% of their high school class and also have at least a 1270 SAT (Math + Critical Reading) or 27 ACT. Non-residents with at least a 1360 SAT or 29 ACT and ranked in the top 10% of their class will receive a renewable scholarship of at least $7,500. The scholarship page notes â€Å"Students with higher test scores will be considered for these merit scholarships up to $15,000 annually.† So although they don’t have hard numbers, you can double your scholarship if you have higher scores. Read more on Clemson's scholarships over at their website. Colorado State University Colorado State has automatic scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score. Refer to the tables below from their website to see how much you can earn: Merit Scholarships for Colorado Residents Note that score increases net you more money: to take just one example, going up 3 ACT points or 1300-1390 can get you $1,500 more dollars! Merit Scholarships for Non-Residents Learn more about scholarships at CSU for residents and non-residents at their website. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University FAMU offers a Distinguished Scholars program that covers the cost of tuition for both in-state and out-of-state students with at least a 1350 on the new SAT (with a math score of at least 650) or 30 on the ACT (with a math score of at least 30) and a FAMU recalculated GPA of at least 4.0. If you don’t reach the cut off for the Distinguished Scholarship, you can still earn the George W. Gore Assistantship Scholarship or the Presidential Special Scholarship.The amount of the award changes based on your GPA and test scores: Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum Math Score FAMU GPA Amount Awarded per Year George W. Gore SAT: 1200 ACT: 27 SAT: 590 ACT: 26 3.5 $5000-$6000 Presidential Special Scholarship SAT: 00 ACT: 25 SAT: 550 ACT: 25 3.3 $3000-$6000 So if you have at least a 3.0, a 2-point ACT increase gets you $1,000 more dollars. Read more about scholarships on FAMU’s admission website. Florida Gulf Coast University FGCU has scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score, but you have to apply by November 15thto be considered. Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year President’s Gold Florida Resident SAT: 1320 ACT: 28 3.9 $5000 President’s Silver Florida Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.5 $3000 Blue and Green Scholars Award Non-Florida Resident SAT: 1320 ACT: 28 3.9 $15,000 Blue and Green Directors Award Non-Florida Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.5 $10,000 Learn more about scholarships and the application process at FGCU's website. Georgia State University Georgia State calculates automatic scholarships based on GPA and SAT/ACT score. They don't publish eligibility information, but you could earn anywhere from a $500 one-time scholarship to a $3,000 renewable scholarships. You have to apply by March 1st to be considered for these awards. Louisiana State University LSU has three scholarships based on GPA and test scores you are considered for automatically. View the amounts in the table below: Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year (In-State) Amount Awarded per Year (Out-of-State) Flagship Scholars SAT: 1490 ACT: 33 3.0 $3500 $20,500 LSU Academic Scholars Award SAT: 1390 ACT: 30 3.0 $2000 $15,500 Tiger Excellence Scholars Award SAT: 1310 ACT: 28 3.0 $1500 $7,600 You can learn more about LSU's other scholarships, as well as the three listed here, over at their scholarships page. Texas Tech University These Presidential Scholarships are automatic and are guaranteed if you apply by February 1st and are admitted to Texas Tech by April 15th. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1400 ACT: 30 Top 10% $6000 Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1300 ACT: 27 Top 10% $5000 Presidential Scholarship SAT: 1200 ACT: 25 Top 25% $4000 Note that 1-2 point ACT increases and slight SAT increases could increase your scholarship by $1,000 per year. Read more about the scholarships at the TTU website. University of Arizona The University of Arizona uses test scores and GPA to calculate scholarship award ranges. In-state awards are called "Wildcat Excellence Awards," and out-of-state awards are called "Arizona Excellence Awards." Wildcat Excellence Awards (In-State Students) Arizona Excellence Awards (Out-of-State Students) Learn more about scholarships at University of Arizona at their website. University of Mississippi At the University of Mississippi, you can earn an Academic Excellence scholarship based on your GPA and SAT/ACT score. Their admissions website notes that â€Å"Entering freshmen, minimum 3.0 high-school GPA. a minimum 25 ACT (30 SAT or 1200 SAT-R)† are considered for the Academic Excellence scholarship. You are automatically considered after being admitted to the University of Mississippi. Minimum ACT Score SAT Score Range Minimum GPA Mississippi Resident Award per Year Non-Resident Award per Year 25 1200-1230 3.0 $1,500 $1,500 26 1240-1270 3.0 $1,900 $1,900 + $2,000 towards non-resident fee 27 1280-1300 3.0 $2,250 $2,250 + $3,000 towards non-resident fee 28 1310-1340 3.0 $3,000 $3,000 + $4,000 towards non-resident fee 29 1350-1380 3.0 $3,500 $3,500 + $5,000 towards non-resident fee 30 1390-1410 3.0 $4,500 $4,500 + $7,500 towards non-resident fee 31 1420-1440 3.0 $5,500 $5,500 + $10,000 towards non-resident fee 32 1450-1480 3.0 $7,500 $7,500 + $15,954 towards non-resident fee 33+ 1490+ 3.0 $8,550 $8,550 +$15,954 towards non-resident fee Note that the GPA requirement does not increase over the table, only scores. An ACT increase of one point or SAT increase of just 10 points can get you over $1,000 more per year, and that’s not including the non-resident fee that also gets decreased. See more at the University of Mississippi's scholarships page. University of Missouri The University of Missouri has a handful of scholarships that are automatic, based on class rank and SAT/ACT score. There are scholarships for both in-state and out-of-state students. You can learn more about University of Missouri's scholarships here. Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Amount Awarded per Year Chancellor’s Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 $6500 Curators Scholars Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1300 ACT: 28 $4500 Excellence Award Missouri Residents SAT: 1200 ACT: 25 $3000 Mark Twain Award Non-Missouri Residents SAT: 1360 ACT: 30 $15,000 Mark Twain Award Non-Missouri Residents SAT: 1260 ACT: 27 $7000 University of Nevada at Las Vegas UNLV has the Rebel Challenge scholarship for non-resident students. The award amounts are based on GPA and SAT/ACT score, but are first-come first-serve, which means the earlier you can apply, the better. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year President’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.75 $,000 Provost’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.5 $9,000 Dean’s Award SAT: 30 ACT: 23 3.25 $7,000 Read more about this scholarship here. UNLV also has other automatic consideration scholarships. Here's the scholarship schedule: You can also get additional money ($1,000 per year) if you are in the top 10% of your graduating class, and even more money if you are the valedictorian! If you’re a Nevada resident and want to learn about other scholarship options, check out their freshman scholarships page. University of Oregon The University of Oregon has scholarships that are automatic. The award amounts vary based on your residence status: Scholarship Residency Requirement Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year Summit Oregon Resident SAT: 1250 ACT: 26 3.8 $6000 Summit Non-Oregon Resident SAT: 1250 ACT: 26 3.8 $10,000 Apex Oregon Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.6 $3000 Apex Non-Oregon Resident SAT: 1220 ACT: 25 3.6 $7500 Note that if you raise your ACT from 25 to 26, or SAT from 1220 to 1250, your award can increase by $3,000 if you’re a resident, or $2,500 if you’re a non-resident. That’s a ton of money for just a few points! Learn more about the scholarship at Oregon's financial aid website. University of Tennessee To be considered for the Volunteer Scholarship, you need a strong GPA and SAT/ACT score. According to the website, â€Å"Our newVolunteer Scholarship program recognizesstudents with an exemplary academic record based on a combination of GPA and test scores. Incoming first-year studentswho apply for admission by December 1are eligible.† So note the early deadline, and check out the scholarship amounts below: Tennessee Residents Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year SAT: 1490 ACT: 34 3.8 $8,000 SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 3.8 $5,000 SAT: 1330 ACT: 29 3.8 $3,000 Non-Tennessee Residents Minimum SAT or ACT Score Minimum GPA Amount Awarded per Year SAT: 1490 ACT: 34 3.8 $15,000 SAT: 1390 ACT: 31 3.8 $12,500 SAT: 1330 ACT: 29 3.8 $7,500 Learn more about the award at Tennessee's scholarships page. University of Texas at Arlington You will be considered for the following scholarships once you are admitted to the University of Texas at Arlington. Scholarship Minimum SAT or ACT Score Class Rank or GPA Requirement Amount Awarded per Year Presidential Scholar SAT: 1400 ACT: 30 Top 20% of class $10,000 Maverick Academic Scholarship SAT: 00 ACT: 23 Top 50% of class $2000-$8000 Learn more about the award and the application process over at their website. Utah State University At Utah State University, there are automatic scholarships (as well as admission standards) based on a combination of GPA and SAT/ACT score. The admissions office has created tables for both residents and nonresidents that you can use to see which scholarship you'd be eligible for. Residents Scholarship Award Amount Duration Presidential 100% tuition and fees 4 years Dean's 90% tuition 2 years Scholar 60% tuition 2 years Merit 40% tuition 2 years Achievement 20% tuition 2 years Nonresidents Scholarship Award Amount Duration Presidential 100% tuition and fees 4 years Dean's 90% tuition 2 years Waiver 70% tuition 1 year Note that a one-point ACT increase or 40-point SAT increase could be the difference between two years of full tuition and a four year, full-ride scholarship! Read more about admission and scholarships at USU's website. Scholarships With Score Cut-Offs Although many universities don’t have automatic scholarships based on test scores, GPA, or class rank, many use these factors as cut-offs for scholarship consideration. So even though in these cases high scores don’t guarantee you scholarships, they are an important factor in being considered. Just like when you were a kid and couldn't get onto the roller coasters at the theme park, you won't even be considered for some scholarships without high enough SAT/ACT scores. For example, you’ll be considered for a full ride at Auburn University if you have at least a 33 ACT or 1450 SAT and a 3.5 GPA if you are an Alabama resident. If you’re a non-resident, you will be considered for an $18,000 a year scholarship if you have at least a 33 ACTor 1450 SAT and at least a 3.5 GPA. If that’s out of your range, you could be considered for a $4,000 a year scholarship at Auburn if you have at least a 28 ACT or1300 SAT, a GPA of at least 3.5, and are an Alabama resident (They have other scholarships for non-residents, too). Texas AM has scholarship eligibility requirements as well. Under their eligibility section, they note, â€Å"To be considered for the scholarships listed,students must achieve a minimum1360 New SAT composite score (evidence-based reading and writing score of at least 660 + math scores of at least 620), or 30 ACT composite (English + Math, with scores of at least 27).† So are these scholarships guaranteed even if you meet these minimum scores? No. But you won’t be considered for them at all unless your ACT or SAT score is above a certain level. Many other colleges have GPA and score cut-offs for scholarship consideration, so the higher you can get your scores, the more likely you are to earn merit scholarships. How To Look Up Automatic Scholarships The examples of scholarships above are just that- examples! It isn’t by any means a full list of every university in the country where you can get automatic money for your ACT or SAT score. So how do you find that information? Search for merit scholarships. The majority of scholarships given for test scores and GPA are merit scholarships- in other words, they are given based on your achievements, unlike need-based scholarships, which are based on your demonstrated financial need. Make sure to look for pages titled â€Å"Merit-Based† or â€Å"Academic-Based† scholarships. Many colleges and universities have separate pages for merit scholarships that a simple search will pull up. If you do not see one, try searching â€Å"[College/University Name] Scholarships† or â€Å"[College/University Name] Financial Aid.† If you start at the university’s financial aid section, you can find information on scholarships (both merit and need-based) from there. If you can’t find the information online, try contacting either the financial aid or undergraduate admissions offices. Keep the following guidelines in mind as you search: Make sure the scholarships you find are specifically designated for â€Å"Entering Freshmen.† These are the scholarships that will apply to you as a high school student applying to college. See if the college makes a designation between in-state and out-of-state applicants. In some cases, state universities will give bigger scholarships to non-resident applicants since out-of-state tuition is higher. Sometimes there are also differences in requirements and cut-off scores. Check if there are separate application requirements or deadlines. Scholarship money is limited, so in general, the earlier you can apply, the better. Use the steps below to look up whether there are automatic scholarships at any of the colleges you are interested in. Step 1: Searchfor â€Å"[College/University Name] Merit Scholarships.† I'm searching for a college in my home state of Utah. I'll start with the second result: "Available Scholarships." This seems like the most general option, and I want to get the most information right off the bat Step 2: Determine If You Qualify for Any of the Scholarships I see that there are different scholarships for freshman and transfers. Also, note that they say you can apply for a scholarship just by submitting an application. Looks good so far! Under scholarships, I select "Freshman Scholarships." Reading this information, they don't seem to distinguish between resident and non-resident scholarships. They also seem to place a lot of value on GPA and SAT/ACT score, which is a good sign they might have automatic merit scholarships. Scrolling down, I see this: If you see a table or index with GPA and test scores you’re in luck, you’re likely looking at scholarship guidelines or automatic scholarships. In Westminster's case, it looks like these are the amounts they generally give for certain GPA and test scores, though they say the chart is a "general representation," so these amounts might change based on other info in the application. So it looks like at Westminster College you have a very strong chance of earning a scholarship if your GPA and SAT/ACT score fall somewhere on this table. Step 3: Check If You Need to Do Anything to Apply As I mentioned above,there is no separate application for scholarships in this case. Westminster is a good bet for an automatic scholarship, and the higher your scores, the more money you are likely to get. You can repeat this process at any school you're interested in, but keep in mind that automatic scholarships are relatively rare (especially at more selective schools), so you may not find anything. What’s Next? Some schools don't have merit-based scholarships but do have very impressive need-based financial aid packages. However, those schools are often prestigious and top-ranked, and so they are the toughest to get into. Develop a target ACT or SAT score to be competitive for admission at competitive schools. Avoid some of the most common ACT mistakes to raise your score. Also, learn how to improve a bad SAT math score. Shooting for perfection? Get study tips from our SAT full scorer, and learn what it takes to get a 12 on an SAT essay or an ACT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Halle Edwards About the Author Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Free Essays on Hoop Dreams

Hoop Dreams â€Å" He whose face gives no light shall never become a star.† Three filmmakers spent seven years in inner city Chicago to construct a documentary based on the lives and dreams of two boys, Arthur Agee and William Gates. The social institutions of education, sports, economics, and family influenced the growth and development of these two young men. Education played a major role in influencing both Arthur and William. Arthur gets accepted to Saint Joseph’s as a freshmen in High school. He will get a better education, and have a better chance at college at this school. In his first year, Arthur starts out at a fourth grade level. He does not advance much by the end of the first term, and he does not look to be very promising. Arthur ends up being thrown out of Saint Josephs, and has to return to the inner city school, Marshall High School. William is also accepted to Saint Joe’s as a freshman, and he does extremely well his first year. William starts out at a fourth grade level just as Arthur had, but he advances. William went from the fourth grade level to eighth grade in just one school year, which was a significant change. He did so well that Patricia Wier, a wealthy white woman, decided to pay for all the rest of his school, and any other expenses. So, Arthur did not achieve the success he had hoped for in his education, but William did. The sport of basketball was the one main social institution that had a big influence on Arthur and William. Arthur had big dreams of playing in the NBA, and he followed those dreams to the last. Arthur went to Saint Joes’ and he did not play as good as they had hoped, so they dropped him. Then he went on to Marshall high school, where he took them to State. This was a huge accomplishment for Arthur, and it go him into a junior college, despite his academic deficiency. Sports was the main thing that kept Arthur together and kept him focused, without it, h... Free Essays on Hoop Dreams Free Essays on Hoop Dreams Hoop Dreams â€Å" He whose face gives no light shall never become a star.† Three filmmakers spent seven years in inner city Chicago to construct a documentary based on the lives and dreams of two boys, Arthur Agee and William Gates. The social institutions of education, sports, economics, and family influenced the growth and development of these two young men. Education played a major role in influencing both Arthur and William. Arthur gets accepted to Saint Joseph’s as a freshmen in High school. He will get a better education, and have a better chance at college at this school. In his first year, Arthur starts out at a fourth grade level. He does not advance much by the end of the first term, and he does not look to be very promising. Arthur ends up being thrown out of Saint Josephs, and has to return to the inner city school, Marshall High School. William is also accepted to Saint Joe’s as a freshman, and he does extremely well his first year. William starts out at a fourth grade level just as Arthur had, but he advances. William went from the fourth grade level to eighth grade in just one school year, which was a significant change. He did so well that Patricia Wier, a wealthy white woman, decided to pay for all the rest of his school, and any other expenses. So, Arthur did not achieve the success he had hoped for in his education, but William did. The sport of basketball was the one main social institution that had a big influence on Arthur and William. Arthur had big dreams of playing in the NBA, and he followed those dreams to the last. Arthur went to Saint Joes’ and he did not play as good as they had hoped, so they dropped him. Then he went on to Marshall high school, where he took them to State. This was a huge accomplishment for Arthur, and it go him into a junior college, despite his academic deficiency. Sports was the main thing that kept Arthur together and kept him focused, without it, h...

Brand survey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brand survey - Assignment Example Students typing on their laptops sitting on the comfortable couches or chair can be seen when one enters Starbucks and the comfort also enables the students to purchase more drinks than they planned to. Compared to any other coffee store, Starbucks provides a wide range of drinks which includes 22 variations of iced and hot tea, variations of frappuccinos and various other flavors of every drink they offer such as smoothies and juices. However, DD does not offer tea to its customers. Bakery goods are also displayed in glass displays which the customers can easily see but Dunkin Donuts only displays their donuts. An increasing array of foods can be seen at Starbucks such as breakfast meals, various kinds of sandwiches, salads, yogurt as well as ice cream.1 The best thing about Starbucks compared to DD is that it provides an excellent customer service. A Starbucks worker asks a customer for his name which is then written on their beverage in order to ensure that they get the correct or der. Moreover, cup holders are also provided by Starbucks for the customers to use if their beverage is very hot. All these develop brand loyalty because of which the customers visit the store again and again.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Microeconomics - Essay Example In other words, the firm should produce at a point whereby if it spends a dollar on a unit of labour, this should give us most output as a dollar it spends on extra capital. The above graph shows the point at which the firm minimizes the cost of production. In other words, the iso-cost line is in tangency with the isoquant. This is at the point whereby the last dollar spent on labour yields as must output as the dollar that the firm spends on capital. This is as the below function explains. The slope of the isoquant is the marginal rate of substitution of labour and Capital (MRTSKL). This should be equal to the slope of the iso-cost line (w/r). From the function, the last dollar spent on labour yields MPL/w that is equivalent to the output of the last dollar that the firm spends on capital MPX/r. At this point, the level of production is optimal. In other words, the firm minimizes the cost of production (Quirk, 2012). For a monopolistic firm that is facing a demand curve that is linear, it must produce at a point whereby the demand curve is elastic. In other words, the firm must produce at a point whereby there is a high demand elasticity of price change. This is because for the firm to increase its revenue, it has to sell additional units of output. In addition, for the firm to sell the additional units of output, it has to reduce its prizes per unit. This happens at the point where the demand curve is elastic. At this point, the sale for an extra unit yields more revenue since the percentage decrease of the price is lower than the percentage increase in the quantity demanded (Nicholson, 2008). At any other point other than the elastic point, decrease in price would not result to increase in the revenue. For example, at the inelastic point, the reduction in price would result in a reduction in revenue. This is because the percentage drop-off in price is higher in comparison with the

Motivational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Motivational Behavior - Essay Example A weak positive correlation was found to be significant (P=0.05, observed rho value=0.44, critical rho value=0.36, null hypothesis denied). The outcome of the study showed that people seek a partner that has a similar level of physical attractiveness as themselves. Interpersonal attraction is a fundamental component of human relationships. Psychologists and researchers have proposed many different theories in order to explain the role of physical attractiveness in intimate relationships. One view is the genetic similarity theory proposed by Rushton, Russell and Wells (1984). They posited that a person is more attracted to strangers that resemble themselves than those who are dissimilar in appearance. This would lead to offspring with not only the individual's genes but also genes like themselves (Rushton, Russell & Wells, 1984). Their research suggested that individuals are more attracted to genetically similar people. The matching hypothesis also proposed that people don't seek the most attractive mate, but instead are attracted to individuals that match themselves in terms of physical attractiveness. This compromise is necessary due to a fear of rejection from a more desirable partner and in order to achieve a balance between partners. Walster et al. (1966) tested this hypothesis with the "computer dance experiment". They proposed that when making dating and mating choices, people will choose someone of their own level of social desirability. Individuals will be influenced by both the desirability of the potential partner and the belief of the likelihood of obtaining a date with the partner (Walster et al., 1966). In the experiment, 752 students were randomly allocated partners to a dance. The participants were given an attractiveness rating based on a panel of judges. They were informed that a computer had determined their ideal partner. The experimenters found that whether a person liked their partner was closely related to physical attractiveness. This was the most important factor in liking, above qualities such as intelligence and personality (Walster et al., 1966). Though these findings did not support the matching hypothesis, Walster et al. (1969) conducted a follow up study to further test this hypothesis. The researchers repeated the dance and this time, the students were able to choose their partners. The matching hypothesis was confirmed as the students chose partners roughly the same attractiveness as themselves. The researchers explained that the participants attempted to avoid rejection and increase the possibility of finding a partner with a long-term commitment (Walster et al., 1969). Silverman (1971) conducted another experiment to test the Matching Hypothesis. He carried out an observational study on real-life couples in public settings. Observers independently rated the couples on a 5-point scale and discovered a high correlation between attractiveness ratings of both members of each couple (Silverman, 1971). In addition to this, the researcher found that there was a high correlation between similar levels of attractiveness and the happier the couple's rating in degrees of physical intimacy (Silverman, 1971). Another experiment by Murstein (1972) tested stimulus-value-role theory of marital choice. The researcher

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce company

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce company Evolution of Rolls-Royce The glorious inception of car manufacturing business was pioneered by F.H. Royce and C.S. Rolls when they met in 1904 and in 1906 the company ROLLS-ROYCE Ltd was formed to unveil the six-cylinder Silver Ghost which, within a year, was acclaimed as the best car in the world. In 1914 the First World War necessitates aero engine the Eagle, designed by Royce was used in the air war by the allies. Later the company underwent diverse advancement towards improved aero-engine, gas turbine. Subsequently after acquisitions and mergers of other companies Rolls-Royce emerged as the only company in Britain proficient in delivering power for use in the air, at sea and on land. (See appendix for details) Rolls-Royce (2010) 1.2 Rolls -Royce at the present ROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is a public limited company incorporated on 21st march 2003 and is registered in England under the UK companies Act 1985 having registered office in 65, Buckingham Gate, London in United Kingdom. The registration number of the company is 04706930. (Companieshouse 2010). ROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is listed on LSE. It is a global conglomerate and world-leading provider of power solutions for consumer in aerospace, marine and energy markets. Today it is the worlds second largest civil aero engine company, the worlds second largest defence aero engine company, a global leader in marine propulsion and a leading supplier of energy solutions. 1.3 Stakeholders and Rolls-Royce Stakeholders are the person or group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in organization because it can affect or be affected by the organisations actions, objectives, decisions and policies. (Freeman,1984, pp.25) Stakeholders are Shareholders, customers, suppliers and distributors, employees, local communities. Management holds fiduciary relationship with its stakeholders and work for retaining interest of stakeholders at large. (Friedman Miles, 2006, p.1) The board of directors manages work of the company on behalf of the company. In Rolls-Royce the board is accountable to companys stakeholders regarding performance of company, the approval of certain matters which affect the shape and risk profile of the Company like the annual budget and performance targets, the financial statements, payments to shareholders, major capital investments and any substantial change to balance sheet management policy etc. Shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees constitute essential part of stakeholders in Rolls-Royce. Suppliers are valuable to the Rolls Royce Group and it follows the Supply Chain Relationships in Aerospace (SCRIA) to protect the interest of the suppliers as it provides the best possible terms from suppliers and when entering into binding purchasing contracts, gives consideration to quality, delivery, price and the terms of payment. As the Company is a holding company and does not itself trade, it owed no amounts to trade creditors at December 31, 2009 and therefore the number of creditor days required to be shown in Annual report to comply with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 is nil. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.78) Financial statements are prepared by Rolls Royce in accordance with IFRSs, GAAP as adopted by the EU and UK respectively and as per requirements of the Companies Act 2006; and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation. Rolls-Royce maintains an effective corporate governance framework that protects investors and aspires to deliver long-term value to shareholders. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70-71) Rolls-Royce in AGM highlighted key business developments during the year and discussed about crucial matters like declaration of dividend, appointment of directors and auditors, consider accounts, giving shareholders opportunity to ask questions regarding the company they are holding. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.75-76) COMPANY AND INTERACTION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 2.1 Legal Form As a whole trading entity can be branched out as Sole traders, Partnerships, Limited partnerships, Limited liability partnerships, Limited by Guarantee companies, unlimited companies, Public companies. As per UK Companies Act four types of companies exist. Formation of company helps the owner to limit the liability as company differs from the person as far as concept of corporate personality (separate legal entity which is distinct from the owner) is concerned. But when it is necessary to protect the stakeholders interest from fraud and deception of management the corporate veil of company is lifted. In limited liability companies the owner or partners are not personally answerable and liable for potential losses of the company. Unlike these companies, sole traders and partnership firm cannot exercise the scope of funds for expansion (Black, 2004, p.67). RR is public limited company with option of raising fund from public and preferred to be group of companies. When a company holds the shares of another company, former company is holding company that owns shares in subsidiary company, the later one. In group of company under one holding company various subsidiary companies inhabit. Sometimes group of companies appear as a result of the merger and acquisition of a new company. When a company merges with or acquires numerous companies E+W+S+N.I. it is quite unmanageable to keep accounting books and records, prepare annual accounts and to hold an Annual General Meeting of shareholders for those companies under one company head. Establishment of group companies reduces hazards of risky business through a subsidiary to limit the groups exposure to the risk. (The National Archives, 2010) Options/Help RR is the holding company and does not trade on its own account. The groups chief operating subsidiary is RR. Entire business actions of the group are performed by RR and its subsidiaries. RR shares its registered office with RR group PLC but with different company registration number 1003142 under the UK companies Act 1985. Other companies which are indirectly held by the group incorporated within the UK and outside UK can be segregated under different heads like civil aerospace, marine, energy, corporate. There are also a variety of companies which can be held as Joint venture and associates. (See Appendix 2) (Rolls-Royce, 2010) 2.2 Corporate Governance in Rolls Royce Recent corporate scams and fraudulent activities of large company like Enron in US, Polly Peck plc and Mirror Group plc in UK became noticeable and consequently Sarbanes-Oxley Act appeared in July 2002. To prevent the deception and misleading activities of companys strong presence of corporate governance with constituent like participation of BOD and committees are essentials. RR prioritises corporate governance at highest level for the reason that stakeholders interest is controlled, managed and directed by the company. The Company is exposed to the Combined Code on Corporate Governance published in June 2008 by the Financial Reporting Council (the Combined Code). (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.66) It is the board which is responsible for managing company and day to day operation of business and accountable to stakeholders. The BOD of Rolls-Royce comprises of fourteen directors with the non-executive Chairman, the Chief Executive, eight non-executive directors and four other executive directors thereby complying the regulation regarding corporate governance. Board Effectiveness The board takes special care to retain independence of non executive directors to strengthens corporate governance and protect stakeholders because the non-executive directors represent stakeholders interests. One of the most important facts is that the non-executive directors are not employees and do not participate in the daily business management of the Group. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70) The non executives are highly considerable as they are independent in character and judgment with relevant expert knowledge and determination of good governance and high standard of investor relation. (Dunne Morris pp7-10) Different committees have been set up to determine effective and successful governance practice with corporate responsibility towards stakeholders. These Committees play a critical role reviewing, formulating and recommending governance principles concerning business. COMMITTEES These committees support the company for improved business maneuver. Along with this company has properly identified various risks which are properly mitigated through measure for better governance. (Details in section 4) In Annual report of Rolls-Royce disclosures are made fulfilling the factors as depicted by the Companys Act 2006 (applied to the Plc which is listed in LSE) such as Business review must contain information on future development, performance and position of the business environmental issues, employees and social issues contractual and other arrangement (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.1-65) and in addition to this the company website contains annual report and accounts, results of the polled votes at AGM and result of the fact that the company gives certain minority shareholders the right to require independent scrutiny of any polled vote to abide by the regulation.(Rolls-Royce 2010) Abovementioned administration of corporate governance not only helps the shareholder to identify the companys risk profile, structure, culture, vision and course of action to invest further but also helps other stakeholders to meet their needs and obligations. 3. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS RR uses pre tax discount rate for the present value calculation of future cash flows and inventory, work in progress is calculated in first in first out basis. RR has considered net realisable value is selling price minus costs incurred by marketing, selling and distribution. Cash flow projection in goodwill calculation is under assumptions of defined discount rates, growth rates, foreign exchange rates and WACC at 12.75. In order book calculation RR has excluded the future order option on top of the placed orders. These best practices are common for going concern and conforming Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006. (Annual report, 2009) 3.1 Financial Statements In this report financial analysis is done through ratio analysis of provided financial statements. Financial statements have been prepared based on IFRS, which is issued by IASB. This preparation is common for EU and onset of UK GAAP. (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2003) 3.2 Ratio analysis Ratio analysis is a tool for financial analysis to evaluate firms, industries. Ratio analysis helps to find the trend as well as to compare among the competitors using the financial statements. Mainly five types of ratios are helpful to judge different financial aspects. These ratios are liquidity, asset management, debt management, profitability and market value. All the ratios are important but value and importance differ with the company and industry. Like debt management ratio will be important for higher borrowed firm to judge the bankruptcy risk. (Brigham Houston, 2009) Revenue, Gross Profit and Operating Profit have increased from 2008 to 2009. In 2009 RR has turnaround from loss to huge profit. Even company earning changed from negative to positive. This change in profit is mainly due to the huge decrease of financing costs from 3186 million  £ to 491 million  £. In 2009 RR has managed to get big amount of financing income. There is a no significant change in balance sheet item except the considerable amount of reduction of other financial liabilities. Net asset of RR has changed significantly due to the noticeable decrease in liabilities. (Historical Prices, 2010) RR has outperformed both LSE and BOE return for last 12 months period. From our previous financial analysis we found RRs good performance and growth in revenue which is mainly based on accounting figures but ultimately reflected in market also. RR is the market leader and main competitors are Dassault Aviation, Saab AB and MTU Aero Engines. RRs aero engine business serves two distinct market segments like new engine sales to Boeing and Airbus Industries engine parts sales to maintenance companies. So RR caters both primary and secondary markets. In this market the competition is distributed in commercial and technical side, which is also catered by General Electric and Pratt Whitney. Company has increased market share from10% in 1970 by investing in RD for new engine development and also for better services. Overall the market is oligopolistic and capital intensive. The key determinants for sustainable competitiveness are technology, RD outcome. (Annual report, 2009) 3.4 Strategy Recommendation RR has five key strategies like four market segments, better technology, competitive portfolio, increasing market share and value added services. RR has strong brand, domain knowledge, integrated system and operational excellence to implement these strategies. (Our strategy, 2010) SWOT (Porter, 2008) RR is in such industry where the numbers of buyers are very less so this is quite price makers type market or more easily can be said that the price of products of RR is set by buyers. But recently with increase in global carriers the demand is uptrend but here life long guarantee in engines are desirable. In supplier side RR follows the dual sourcing strategy so the power of suppliers reduced and high precision can be reached. Very high entry barrier is there to this industry, where brand reputation and domain knowledge is very key determinants of success. There is no substitute of engines and aerospace. (Data source from Annual report, based on own analysis and see exhibit 5 for details) Recommendation From above strategic and financial analysis, it is recommended that RR is strong in operation but few segments are not performing well, so few strategies are to be taken to increase the key indicators. 4. INTERNAL PROCESS AND STRUCTURES Some companies operate better in competitive environment than other due to implementation of their strategy on organization. Organisational structure does not mean only having best team with best skills to execute particular achievement but organistional effectiveness can be attained by closely interacting and interlinking them through finding creative solutions to execute business operation. Organisational Effectiveness is the result of effective interplay of a companys vision and strategic goals with the chosen structural design, processes, assigned responsibilities, available skills, knowledge and capabilities, and reliable performance measure. (Dressler pp.43) Combination of strategic perspective and core categories of Organisational Effectiveness creates strategic framework. Strategic management process is completed by carry out strategic direction setting, strategic alignment and strategic control. 4.1 Internal control and risk management Internal control and risk management procedure of Rolls Royce is very neatly framed to detect, monitor, manage and mitigate risks arising both from financial and operational viewpoint. The internal control system manages and thrives to eliminate failure of attainment of business goal. The risk committee is observant to the system of risk management and is responsible for reporting the principal risks , for implementing the Boards policies on risk and internal control and reviews the results of the risk management process to diminish them. The audit committee reviews credit, market or liquidity risks. The ethics committee reviews those risks which significantly affects ethical part happens to be threats to reputation to esteemed company. The day-to-day management activity involves risks and risks which operates at all levels in the Group flows from upper section of management towards subordinate It is every managers responsibility is to be attentive to indulge in risk mitigating activ ities whatever business decision they takes. (Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009, pp74) 4.2 Procedure of Risk management Risks are recognized and identified to update in framework of risk register so that management can review to assess them for subsequent reduction of risk. The company has followed a consistent strategy for twenty years and investment in technology for future growth in a good way. As a result of this strategy, Rolls-Royce today has a broad customer base comprising more than 600 airlines, 4,000 corporate and utility aircraft and helicopter operators, 160 armed forces, more than 2,000 marine customers, including 70 navies, and energy customers in nearly 120 countries, with an installed base of 54,000 gas turbines. Rolls-Royce having 38,000 skilled employees in offices, manufacturing and service facilities with presence in 50 countries the group is thriving for developing employee skills. (Rolls-Royce) The company is continuing in sustaining development of the Companys strategy to bring long term value for investor within an acceptable risk profile. It also keeps eye on the monitoring of the strategy implementation along with retaining safeguard of the values of the Company, including its brand and corporate reputation and the safety of its products. 4.3 Implementation in Rolls-Royce Aforementioned diagram shows the strategy for entire business process as a whole highlighting on technology, infrastructure, and development of competitive portfolio of products and services, closeness to customer, brand, organic growth, partnership and acquisition through last twenty years. 4.4 Balance score Card Balance score card is a set of measures that gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of business, a tool for measurement of business performance. (Kaplan and Norton, 1992) the model has four perspectives Financial perspective, Customer perspective, internal business perspective, Innovation and learning perspective. The customer perspective detects goals for time, quality, performance and service which has effect on the customer. (Harvard Business Review, 992, p.73). Internal business perspective recognizes the processes and competences are identified arising from the most important issues for customers. (Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp.74-75). Innovation and learning perspective is referring to the ability of a company to innovate, improve and learn ties directly to the companys value (Harvard Business Review, 1992, p. 76). From the financial perspective, financial performance indicating companys strategy, implementation and execution are measured to measure profit improvement (Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp.77). All perspectives categorise goals and measures to be made available. Through the Balanced Scorecard, the strategy of a business can be communicated clearly and ensured that all employees follow the same goals (California Management Review, 1996, p.57). Training in RR improved employee skills, which helps to maintain the core competencies of RR in tradition. This Internal quality along with higher productivity and online delivery gives limited customers of RR to maintain long term relation. ROCE of last three years is on an average consistent, which is maintained due to this cascading effect. (California Management Review, 1996, p.66) CONCLUSION Rolls-Royce emphasizes transparency and high standard of governance, ethics and integrity. The brand of Rolls-Royce symbolizes reliability, integrity and innovation and is most valuable asset of the company than their engineering excellence. Fabricating grand product and delivering services is not enough in current competitive market but it is the trust which is established through years by virtue of response of Rolls-Royce to the needs of customers building enduring relationships with customers, partners and other stakeholders consequently made them worlds leading-edge, international power system company. Financial position is improving from last year but key indicators and from strategic point of view Rolls-Royce should think of market portfolio. Product line and services are as per leaders approach but except civil aerospace, other segments are with lesser growth and prospect. ANNEXURE 6.1 References Books Brigham, E.F Houston, J.F. (2009) Fundamentals of Financial Management. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zepGuo84-8ACpg=PA121dq=financial+ratio+analysishl=enei=bJvXTPvrBo20vgPspYHnCQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=financial%20ratio%20analysisf=false Bull, R. (2008) Financial Ratios. Burlington, CIMA Publishing. BLACK, G.(2004) Applied Financial Accounting and Reporting. Oxford University Press. Dressler,S. (2004) Strategy, Organizational Effectiveness and performance management. Boca Raton, Universal-Publishers. Dunne, P. Morris ,G.D. (2008) Non-Executive Directors Handbook. US, Butterworth-Heinemann FREEMAN,R.E.(1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder Approach., Boston, Pitman. FRIEDMAN,A.L Miles, S.(2006) Stakeholders: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, Journals KAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1992) The Balanced Scorecard Measure That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, January-February pp.71-79. KAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1996) Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. California Management Review, 39 (1) pp.53- 79. Online Sources Annual Report. (2009) Delivering today, investing for the future. [online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/reports/2009/index.shtml [[Accessed 5th December 2010]. Companies House (2010). Select and access company information [online]Available from:www.companieshouse.gov.uk [Accessed 05/12/2010] Historical Prices. (2010) Rolls-Royce Group PLC (RR.L). [Online] Available from: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=RR.L+Historical+Prices [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. (2003) Accounting Standards. Available from: www.ifac.org/ComplianceAssessment/attachments/ICAEW_Attachment.pdf [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Porter, M.E. (2008) The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. [Online] Available from: http://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy/ar/1 [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Rolls Royce. (2010) Our strategy. [Online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/strategy/index.jsp [Accessed 5th December 2010]. Rolls-Royce. (2010).History Timeline[online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/heritage/timeline/graphical_timeline.jsp [Accessed 05/12/2010]. The National Archives (2010).The Company Act 2006 [online] Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46 Rolls-Royce.( 2010). Business Overview [online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/business_overview/index.jsp Rills-Royce.( 2010). History Timeline[online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/final_poll_figures_2010_tcm92-19721.pdf The times 100. (2000) Competing within a changing world. [Online] Available from: http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/competition_tcm92-11184.pdf [Accessed 5th December 2010]. 6.2 GLOSSARY Financial statements are Income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and statement of changes of equity. Turnover = Revenue from continuing operations, the figure is available from profit loss account. Operating profit= Profit on operations OR Profit from continuing operations Operating profit margin =( Operating profit / Turnover) x 100 Return on capital employed (ROCE) = (Operating profit/TALCL) x 100 TALCL= Total assets less current liabilities Asset turnover = Turnover/ TALCL Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities Gearing = Long term borrowing/ TALCL x 100 Interest Cover = Profit before interest/ Interest payable Dividend Yield = Dividend per share/ Share price Earnings per Share (EPS) = Profit before dividends/ Number of ordinary shares Price/Earnings Ratio = Share price/ EPS Dividend Cover = Profit after tax / Dividends Stock Turnover = Sales/ Stock Debtors Turnover = Sales/ Debtors Creditors Turnover =Sales/ Creditors Working Capital Turnover =Sales/ Working Capital Quick or Acid Test Ratio = Current assets stock/ Current liabilities Debtors Collection Period = 365/ Debtors Turnover Creditors Payment Period = 365 / Creditors Turnover Du-Pont analysis = Financial leverage * Net profit margin * Total asset turnover Financial leverage = Total asset / Common stock equity Net profit margin = (Net profit / Turnover) x 100 Total asset turnover = Total revenue/ Total assets SOX is US Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 Order book EU= European Union IFRS= International Financial Reporting Standards IASB= International Accounting Standards Board GAAP= Generally Accepted Accounting Practices Group= Company and its subsidiaries together referred to as the Group WACC= weighted average cost of capital 6.4 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Profitability of Rolls-Royce is measured through Return on capital employed, Operating profit can be found from Profit and Loss account but total assets less current liabilities is available at Balance sheet. Efficiency of Rolls-Royce is measured through Asset turnover, Stock Turnover, Debtors Turnover and Creditors Turnover and Working Capital Turnover. Liquidity of Rolls-Royce is measured through Current ratio. Current assets and Current liabilities figure are available at Balance Sheet. Liquidity can measure through Debtors Collection Period, Creditors Payment Period. Structure of Rolls-Royce is measured through Gearing or using Dividend Cover, Earnings per Share (EPS), Price/Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield and Interest Cover. Higher value of acid test ratio, creditors payment period, EPS, Dividend cover, interest cover ratio, price earning ratio is better but lower value debtors collection period is good for business.

Economic Pursuits of the Jews in the Middle Ages :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Pursuits of the Jews in the Middle Ages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jews in the middle ages progressed economically through various occupations. Their economic status was very volatile for many reasons. No area of Jewish life in Western Europe offers such a perpetual change as the economy does. The Jews most specifically participated in international trade, crafts, slave trade, local trade, and most popularly in money lending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jewish people participated in commerce in the countries of western Mediterranean . However, Jewish roles in commerce were rather limited because Syrian merchants in Gaul who supplied the population with luxury articles imported from the East monopolized the whole commerce scene . There would be a consistent war between Muslim and Christian fleets at sea, which left the Jewish merchants at a neutral status. As a result, Jewish merchants who were kidnapped at sea by pirates had a better chance of getting their ransom paid by their co-religionists . Jewish merchants had become very competitive which supposedly put some fear on others. Consequently, in 945, the Venetian government ordered its ship owners not to carry Jewish passengers .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jewish merchants traded in amber, textiles, hides, arms, spices, precious stones, and other luxury articles . Their clientele consisted mainly of royal and ducal courts and the aristocracy, both secular and clerical . There were other groups engaged in international trade, and Jewish merchants were not the dominant role in the commerce scene . In the cities re-conquered from the Muslims in Spain, Jews played a decisive role in the revival of commerce and industry, and especially in the production and merchandising of clothing . As well, England’s Jewry had a role in commerce, too .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the year 1100, The Jewish role in international trade began to decline . The Hansa cities began to replace the Jewish traders. Their ships were heavily armed, and were no match for the Jews .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some believe that Jews controlled the slave trade . Jews were also accused of kidnapping Christian children and selling them to Muslims in southern Spain. The proportion of Jews among the slave traders was smaller than their proportion in international trade . Jewish participation in trading Christian slaves was limited because a Christian ruler sometimes protected it . The Jewish merchants faced many unfair obstacles because of blunt discrimination. The Christian merchants were not faced with these same obstacles such as not being able to trade other Christian slaves.

Athletes and Ethics: The Choice to be Role Models

The merits and ethics of athletic scholarships, and the accountability athletes had to accept to conform to projected social norms is a contentious issue.On one hand, the pressures athletes face depend on the nature of the various normative and actual notions of role models projected onto athletes by the relevant institutions, the branches of these institutions, and society at large. However, the pressures athletes face depend on the attitude of the athlete towards the concept of the ‘role model’, and how seriously the athlete takes subjective notions of public image   and civic virtue.The social and institutional versus athlete pressure/role model dynamic essentially hinge on whether athletes should be viewed as role models, the difficulty in being a role model, whether they should indeed be expected to be role models, or if athletes even have a choice in the matter.Athletes and Ethics: Big Pressure for High School and College AthletesA young boy enters the house in h is favorite purple Lakers jersey. As he sat in front of the television, he sees his favorite basketball star, Kobe Bryant, arrested for allegedly sexually assaulting of a woman.   From the perspective of civic functionality, there are some strong views against the use of athletes as role models.Citing the high profile example of Kobe Bryant, Brown (2005) contends that there can be a discrepancy between the public persona and private deeds of high profile professional athletes. Bryant’s case is instructive of cases where an athlete’s public good standing can be shattered in the light of public scrutiny. Whether or not there was truth to the allegations, did Bryant hold any responsibility to the public regarding the damage this has to his image? Either way, he did not have a choice.Athletes as Role Models: A Perception of the Past  At issue here was the view that to be a role model was defined by the contributive function made by a member of society. Doctors, police, firefighters and soldiers were apparently more intrinsically deserving of the social abstraction of â€Å"role model.† However, the philanthropic activity of athletes did not negate their supposed lack of social function outside of a sport (Brown, 2005).The emergence of the celebrity status of athletes as role models of the youth may seem to be a product of mass media and marketing. To prove that this was not so, all puns aside, Mosher (1998) gave further credence to the image of sports people as role models.A presentation of the athletes as role models in a historical and sociological context must be done to show the perception these sports people had for the longest time. The British amateurism in the sports of the 19th century, where amateurism and elitism worked hand in glove to exclude the working classes from any participation in certain sports that were the reserved for the â€Å"civilized gentlemen† of the ruling elite (Mosher, 1998).Chivalry was the image of role models, as translated to the modern century America’s language, was both universally accepted and desirable. America, where improving one’s lot was the central pillar for its foundation, did not let amateurism find fertile ground in this self-proclaimed egalitarian nation.Hence, with professionalism and the social mobility associated with it, came the desire of upstanding role models in sport inherited by concepts of chivalry in the Old World.Going back further in time, the Greeks were seen to greatly influence how heroism was related to sports. During their time, sportsmen were regarded as heroes. Competition was something that was highly regarded and those who participated were regarded to be men who were above ordinary men (Boon, 2005).The hero figure was someone who had physical strength, courage and an innate ability to confront dangerous circumstances without fear; most of these qualities were attributed to their Greek athletes as well as to their great warr iors. A hero was the Greek’s version of the public’s role model, even if it the modern term was an understatement and less romanticized.Athletes still held the same power, influence and impact that were given by history to sportsmen. They were ideally seen to transcend mediocrity and to prove themselves by exceptional acts and to serve as perfect examples because of their superior qualities (Boon, 2005). They were seen to dominate human action and to symbolize success and perfection, as well as the conquest of evil. Thus, they were seen to be men of good character because if they were not it would mean they were imperfect and mediocre.Aside from the Greek correlation of sports and heroism, aside from physical development, how did sports become a tool to build character in the American perception? There was a time wherein sports was not even considered to be something good in American life as it was seen to be the root of gambling and everything that was un-Christian? H ow come it has now been regarded as an avenue of chivalry and gentlemanly behavior?It was during when the Church attempted to regulate sports that it was seen to serve the purpose of character development for boy and girls (Mosher, 1998). Even basketball was created to promote teamwork, self-sacrifice, obedience, self-control as well as loyalty. The biggest factor that was seen to have implanted the idea that athletes must be role models was the Olympic movement (Mosher, 1998).In the present, the analogy of comparing people of chivalry in the past to athlete role models of the present time was seen to be outdated. However, the fact that it was still existing seemed to provide the sense of intrigue as to where this concept came from and why it had survived for so long (Skidelsky, 2003).In the 19th century, sportsmen accepted the idea that they had a special duty to behave well. Athletes were seen to be required to behave under the â€Å"proponents of ‘muscular Christianityâ₠¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  as it was instilled in moral instruction of the sports (Skidelsky, 2003).This created the belief that physical robustness was expectedly connected to moral purity, something that would be indubitable in the present world of sports. The public, at present, would be constantly bombarded with how athletes were not able to cope with the pressures and temptations of fame.Unlike the requirement of the past, professional sports had ceased to require any form of moral or responsible behavior for these athletes to be successful (Glenarden, 1997). Possessing success seemed to be held by society to be more important than possessing good character, morals or ethical behavior.